Basel II or Basel III framework would allow qualified financial institutions to apply their own rating systems for credit risks, such as advanced internal ratings-based approach (A-IRB). The equations of required capital play a big role in it. With full-fledged facility of SAS, an automatic selection system can be built by its’ macros, SQL syntax and function compiler. I just ran a simple experiment based on a standard seven-level grading system, toward a data set with a varying PD and the fixed EAD, LGD and maturity.
First 1000 rating structures were simulated. SAS's seeds are used to memorize the structures (Liang has an interesting post regarding the "seed trap" problem).
%macro structgen(data = , var = , out = );
proc sql noprint;
create table &out(y num, seed num, step num);
quit;
%do i = 1 %to 1000;
data _tmp1;
set &data;
retain y 0;
y = y + ranuni(&i)*(&var-y);
seed = &i;
step = _n_ ;
run;
proc sql noprint;
insert into &out
select y, seed, step
from _tmp1;
quit;
%end;
%mend;
%structgen(data = maxbound, var = maxvalue, out = final);
proc sgplot data = final;
series x = step y = y / group = seed;
yaxis label = 'Percentage'; xaxis grid;
run;
Second, for each of the rating structure, GINI and required capital were calculated. The min value of required capital turned out to be 0.069, while the max value of GINI is 0.749.
/*Global graphic options*/
ods graphics on / border = off height =4in;
ods html image_dpi=300;
/*Part 2 - Test A-IRB approach for credit rating*/
data maxbound;
input @1 maxvalue ;
maxvalue = maxvalue / 100;
cards;
0
0.2
0.5
2
10
20
25
;;;
run;
data p;
input @1 pd ;
cards;
30.85375387
30.18106395
29.56316569
28.99087964
28.45727718
27.95698093
27.4857216
27.04004492
26.61711101
26.21455288
25.83037412
25.46287322
25.11058664
24.77224523
24.44674027
24.13309679
23.83045233
23.53803976
23.25517337
22.98123742
22.71567665
22.45798844
22.20771616
21.96444353
21.72778996
21.49740641
21.27297191
21.05419056
20.84078894
20.63251378
20.42913001
20.230419
20.03617701
19.84621387
19.66035172
19.47842399
19.30027441
19.12575616
18.95473112
18.78706914
18.62264749
18.46135023
18.30306772
18.1476962
17.99513729
17.84529771
17.69808884
17.55342646
17.41123044
17.27142447
17.13393582
16.9986951
16.86563609
16.73469551
16.60581286
16.47893024
16.25034834
16.02806181
15.81176519
15.60117514
15.39602834
15.19607959
15.00110014
14.81087624
14.62520783
14.44390735
14.26679871
14.09371639
13.92450453
13.75901624
13.59711286
13.4386634
13.28354392
13.13163706
12.98283158
12.83702189
12.69410772
12.55399373
12.4165892
12.28180773
12.14956696
12.01978834
11.89239685
11.76732084
11.6444918
11.52384418
11.40531522
11.28884481
11.1743753
11.06185142
10.95122011
10.8424304
10.73543333
10.63018182
10.52663059
10.42473606
10.32445627
10.22575079
10.12858064
10.03290827
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9.40224662
9.317350728
9.233667376
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9.069832251
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8.83253226
8.75559131
8.679692377
8.604813957
8.530935179
8.458035775
8.386096064
8.315096923
8.245019769
8.175846541
8.107559677
8.040142096
7.973577185
7.907848776
7.842941134
7.778838943
7.715527287
7.65299164
7.59121785
7.530192128
7.469901036
7.410331474
7.351470668
7.293306163
7.235825809
7.179017752
7.122870426
7.067372541
7.012513079
6.958281279
6.904666636
6.851658888
6.799248009
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6.696177908
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6.545811537
6.496783781
6.448288796
6.40031822
6.352863871
6.305917742
6.259471998
6.213518973
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6.12306121
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6.034486267
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5.424906873
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5.313525671
5.277111914
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5.169943926
5.134897062
5.100180657
5.065790365
5.03172192
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;;;
run;
run;
data pd;
set p;
pd = pd / 100;
run;
%macro structgen(data = , var = , num = , out = );
proc sql noprint;
create table &out(y num, seed num, grade num);
quit;
%do i = 1 %to #
data _tmp1;
set &data;
retain y 0;
y = y + ranuni(&i)*(&var-y);
seed = &i;
grade = _n_ ;
run;
proc sql noprint;
insert into &out
select y, seed, grade
from _tmp1;
quit;
%end;
%mend;
%structgen(data = maxbound, var = maxvalue, num = 1000, out = final);
proc sgplot data = final;
series x = grade y = y / group = seed;
yaxis label = 'Percentage'; xaxis grid;
run;
/* Part 1 - THE FUNCTION OF CAPITAL REQUIREMENT UNDER BASEL III*/
proc fcmp outlib = work.myfunclib.finance;
function reqcap(pd, lgd, m);
corr = 0.12*(1-exp(-50*pd))/(1-exp(-50)) + 0.24*(1-(1-exp(-50*pd))/(1-exp(-50)));
mtradj = (0.11852 - 0.05478 * log(pd))**2;
return( (lgd * probnorm((probit(pd) + corr**0.5 * probit(0.999))
/ (1-corr)** 0.5) - pd*lgd) * (1 + (m-2.5)*mtradj) / (1-1.5*mtradj) );
endsub;
quit;
options cmplib = (work.myfunclib);
%macro grdselect(lgd = 0.45, ead = 100, m = 2.5, out = want);
proc sql noprint;
select mean(pd)/100 into: avgpd from pd
;
select count(pd) into: nobs from pd
;
create table &out(structure char(50), gini num, cr num)
;
quit;
%do i = 1 %to 1000;
data bound;
set final;
lowbound = y ;
where seed = &i;
run;
data _myfmt;
merge bound(rename=(lowbound=start))
bound(rename=(lowbound=end) firstobs=2);
fmtname = 'range'; type = 'n';
label = _n_;
if end = . then end = 1;
run;
proc format cntlin = _myfmt;
run;
data _1;
set pd;
grade = put(pd, range.);
cr = reqcap(pd, &lgd, &m);
run;
proc sql noprint;
select mean(pd) into: avgpd from pd
;
select count(pd) into: nobs from pd
;
select lowbound format=percent8.2 into: structure separated by '-' from bound
;
create table _2 as
select grade,
count(grade) / &nobs as ps 'share of portfolio',
mean(pd) as gpd 'grade pd',
calculated ps * calculated gpd / &avgpd as esod 'expected share of default',
reqcap(calculated gpd, &lgd, &m) as gcr 'grade cr'
from _1
group by grade
;
quit;
proc sql noprint;
select avg(gcr) into: cr
from ( select a.*, b.gcr
from _1 as a left join _3 as b on a.grade = b.grade)
;quit;
proc sort data = _2;
by descending grade;
run;
data _3;
set _2;
retain _y 0;
_y + esod;
_x = _y - esod;
label egc = 'Expected GINI values';
egc = ps * (_x + esod/2);
run;
proc sql noprint;
select (sum(egc)-0.5) / ((&avgpd/2+(1-&avgpd))-0.5) into:gini
from _3
;
insert into &out
values ("&structure", &gini, &cr)
;
quit;
%end;
%mend;
%grdselect;
data want1;
set want;
seed = _n_;
run;
proc sgplot data = want1;
series x = seed y = cr;
series x = seed y = gini / y2axis;
run;
1. The optimal rating structure depends on multiple factors, including accuracy ratio and required capital which I used in this test. Business decision would make significant difference, while an integrated evaluation index may need more modeling work.
2. To save time from the high I/O operations involved with lots of loops, such as simulation, backtesting, stress testing, etc., try to decrease the steps to write data to the hard disk. Memory-intensive PROC SQL or PROC IML sometimes is a more efficient way than the DATA step. Also avoid %IF-%THEN statement inside of a macro loop (some interesting discussions similar to this topic: Rick's post here and my post here).
